Earlier today I received, to my immense surprise, an e-mail from Mr. Bilahari Kausikan, Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In the interest of providing fair insight to everyone who had a strong reaction to his words, whether supportive or indignant, I have decided to post his letter here (which he has already graciously given me permission to do). I believe his response was an appropriate one to be directed not only to me, but to every Singaporean looking to understand more about how our nation works.
----- Message d'origine ---- De : MFA Bilahari KAUSIKAN <bilaharikausikan@mfa.gov.sg> ?: la_seule_raison@yahoo.fr Envoy?le : Mardi, 16 Mai 2006, 12h01mn 32s Objet : Your blog
Dear Ms Goh
I read your blog response to my NE talk with great interest.
I do not agree with everything you said. But I am happy to have engaged you.
My aim in such NE talks is to start the audience thinking.
The worst response is indifference. That is very discouraging and if most young Singaporeans are merely indifferent, there is little hope for the future.
I much prefer disagreement to indifference.
Those who have advised you to 'be careful', tone down your criticisms or lie low have given you bad advice and do yourself, the government and Singapore no favours.
Not that we should value controversy for controversy's sake.
Let us therefore agree to disagree where we must, but try to find some common parameters where we can.
I start from the premise that our primary responsibility is to Singapore, not a generalised humanity. For unless Singapore survives and prospers, we cannot do anything for anybody else.
I don't think you strongly disagree with this. We perhaps disagree on how we should define our interests and what is possible at any time.
I did not mean that we should always define Singapore's interests narrowly. But however defined, it is important that they be our interests.
Some friends who read your blog described you as intelligent but idealistic.
There is nothing wrong with being idealistic. In fact, I hope I still am too. But it should be a tough minded idealism.
Singapore is a small country. By and large, we are price takers not price setters.
This does not mean we are powerless. It does not mean we must eschew dreams.
We can, we must and we do influence our own future.
But we can do so only if we start from an objective analysis of where we are and what options are open to us.
Wishful thinking is the prerogative of larger countries.
Our starting point must be the world as it is and not as we would like it to be.
My main point at the NE lecture was that there are many challenges that have no simple solutions.
Solutions, even when available, often create new problems to which solutions also have to be found, and so it goes on and on and on.
I used strong language to get your attention. If it has offended you or anyone else, I am sorry. [Emphasis mine]
But I do not think language should distract anyone from my essential message: there are no simple solutions; in fact sometimes, at a particular point of time, there are no solutions to specific problems.
Does this mean that we should give up? Of course not. Mine is a counsel of realism, not despair.
We must strive to understand clinically and unsentimentally what can be achieved at any particular moment on any particular issue.
Perfect solutions are not to be found this side of heaven. We should not pursue the ideal at the expense of the achievable. And sometimes we must accept that we cannot do anything.
Fortunately, economic restructuring, the specific subject on which you quoted me, is not one of those areas where nothing can be done.
You may recall that this issue arose when one of your classmates asked me what I thought about outsourcing.
My reply was that this was not a choice but a fact; it was going to happen whether we liked it or not.
We might as well complain about the weather. Rather than just grumble, better prepare ourselves by getting an umbrella or warm clothing. We may still get wet or cold, but we at least mitigate its effects.
The world is becoming far more competitive and we will always have to stay ahead of the game or go down.
I don't think anyone strongly disagreed with this. But this is not the end of the story.
Even if we can find new ways to make a living - and so far we have - there will be other problems.
I told you that half of my cohort did not finish primary school, not because they lacked ability, but because Singapore was then very poor and they could not afford to do so.
What are we going to do with these people as we move up the international value chain? Our life expectancy is increasing and the issue is going to be with us for many years to come.
Many countries face a similar problem.
But no country in history has ever moved from Third World to First World within a single generation. This poses unique challenges.
And we must face these unique challenges within our unique constraints.
It makes a difference if you have 400 million people or only 4 million; it makes a difference if you face issues from the perspective of 400 years of shared history or only 40.
It makes a difference if you are located in Southeast Asia rather than in North America or Europe or Northeast Asia.
Welfarism a la the West is not a viable option. We can't afford it. And even the Western countries are finding out that they can't afford it either.
This was just one example of the unique situation Singapore is in.
Your generation is going to have to confront this and many other issues. I cannot prescribe solutions for you because I do not know the answers. All I can do is point out some of the limits which are unlikely to disappear.
What the government is doing is not perfect, but it is the best that we have managed, up to now. There are no perfect solutions to any other of life's challenges, public or personal. Your generation's task is to improve on it, and do better for Singapore.
So keep on thinking; keep on writing; and do not hold back.
Please feel free to post this on your blog if you think it will be useful.
Good luck!
Sincerely,
Bilahari Kausikan
Here is the response I have e-mailed to Mr. Kausikan:
Dear Mr. Kausikan,
Thank you for having taken the time to craft a very thoughtful response to my article. Again, I would like to say how much I appreciated your candour and the accuracy of your insights. You did ruffle a number of feathers, but I believe any who took offense did so with the grudging admission that you most definitely had a point.
Yes, our primary responsibility is indeed to Singaporeans. I feel however, that at times the methods with which we govern may be counter-productive to this responsibility. Specific to the NE dialogue, I refer to the reputation we accrue as being calculative, opportunistic and even petty with regards to issues like our water agreements with Malaysia and the would-be bridge. Cultivating good ties with our neighbours is a long-term way of engendering a good reputation for Singapore as a country willing and ready to take on a larger role of responsibility in Asia and beyond. Perhaps instead of thinking "what's in it for me", as you mentioned with regards to the issue of the bridge, we should think "what's in it for them, is also what's in it for me". I believe that Chiam See Tong had a valid point when he raised the issue of detoriating Singapore-Malaysia ties recently.
It is for this reason that I brought up the issue of Thailand-Singapore relations during the Question and Answer session. I am still unconvinced that it is a purely commercial matter on which the MFA should not be consulted upon. If the Thai Senate Foreign Affairs Committee Chairman Kraisak Choonhavan can write a letter to PM Lee Hsien Loong asking him to conduct an inquiry into the matter, then it has clearly transcended the boundaries of corporate investment, and been turned into a question of national interests, proportions and implications.
Beyond the issues raised during the NE dialogue, I would also like to point out that our stern domestic policies have also created a negative reputation overseas. I refer here to outgoing U.S ambassador Franklin L. Lavin when he expressed disappointment over Singapore's curbs on political expression and said, in that context, "In my view governments will pay an increasing price for not allowing the full participation of their citizens." Mr. Lavin also mentioned that he felt "embarrassed" when Singaporean police asked him if he wanted to press charges against demonstrators who gathered outside the US embassy to protest the Iraq invasion.
Your words of encouragement on my blog have been very inspiring. Yet at the same time conflicting signals are coming from the government when it bans election advertising in the blogosphere, for example. Might not a loosening of such regulations achieve the dual effect of increasing the attachment Singaporeans like myself feel with our country, and also showing Singapore to be an open and consultative society Western democracies may deal with freely, without fear that we are overly-ruled by authoritarianism?
In conclusion, I would like to thank you for allowing me the rare chance of expressing my views directly to a government official. I hope and trust that an increasing number of Singaporeans, young and old alike, will find that it is easier and more rewarding to do so than they might expect.
With warm regards and best wishes, Gayle Goh
Those who are wondering about the context of this correspondence, you can read about it here, in an earlier entry. I think the Straits Times will have something to say regarding it tomorrow, but then again one never knows. Something more newsworthy might crop up. Something really insane that we would never have predicted in a million years, like: the next General Election shall be free and fair.
Addendum: The article did indeed appear in today's edition of the Straits Times, 17 May 2006, Home section page 10. Tiny but well written. And the ST photographer who dropped by took a cute picture of my cat and me, and e-mailed it to me -- which is a really good thing, seeing as they didn't use any pictures anyway. I'm too fugly.
flash papers November 4, 2009 07:04 PM PST It’s great to see good information being shared.
thanks for share.....
pinkie December 13, 2008 01:16 AM PST Opinions are easy to offer. I read with interest how some who are pro candour while others are just picking fault, just because Bala belongs to the gabernment lor, so must "han tump" man. Perhaps one should recognise that he is a smart one who has made our neighbours respect who we are. His ability to think straight when responding to unreasonable demands and comments are just a part of his small ability that win him the grudging respect of our neighbours. Bilahari, press on!!
McCool June 3, 2006 07:44 PM PDT Let's not whack anyone who speaks with bluntness and candour. I shudder at the thought of only hearing politically correct speeches made out of fear to cause offense. Therefore, let us praise Mr. Kausikan for his candour in his sincere response to a group of JC students - youths who will be the future of S'pore.
Would Mr Kausikan speak as openly in future? I sincerely hope he will. It is so very refreshing.
i luv singapore June 1, 2006 10:52 PM PDT wah pro,ur my little singapore idol
Book\'em Danno May 31, 2006 06:21 PM PDT BTW I think Bilahari's sweeping statement that Singapore can't afford western welfarism is way out of line. Based on rough estimation of our reserves of S$300 bil earning say a low , low % of say 1 %, we still have S$3 bil a year , and say we have a welfare population of 100,000 ( that's very much on the very very high side ), I think Singapore can even manage to give out S$5,000 per welfare recipient, that makes it S$500 mil with S$2.5 bil to go - so what you talking about Mr Bilahari ?
observerII May 28, 2006 04:43 PM PDT I speak as an insider. I never once doubted that Bilhari's email was genuine and penned by the man himself.
Gayle, congratulations. As a 17 year old JC student, I doubt you know the significance of a Perm Sec personally responding to your blog, in such great detail. Mr Bilahari is no ordinary Perm Sec either.
Honestly, I hope you win a Govt scholarship and join the civil service.
Best wishes.
gayle May 22, 2006 12:47 AM PDT Pat55: I believe you misunderstand the context of the exchange. It was an NE dialogue on foreign affairs, and I was not bringing up new issues, but old issues that had been raised previously, both during the dialogue and in my blog, which Mr. Kausikan had not directly touched upon. As to his point on welfarism, I didn't disagree in my replying e-mail precisely because, well, I didn't disagree. I only ever took issue with his callous wording and the fact that it was worded such that it sounded like older workers were dispensable and unwanted. I feel more should be done to help them. Doesn't mean I advocate welfarism. Him and I are in agreement about that, so why argue?
Pat55 May 21, 2006 11:36 PM PDT Gayle,
Your reply with so many new issues shows how weak you are. The issues which highlighted initially and gracious reply from Mr. Koushikan shoud have been respected by conter arguments with substance rather than switching over to new topics.
gayle May 21, 2006 06:56 PM PDT sioteocho- Yep. I noticed that as well.
sieteocho May 21, 2006 02:26 PM PDT "But no country in history has ever moved from Third World to First World within a single generation. "
A MFA perm sec is saying this? Never heard of Meiji Japan? Or Europe after WWII? How about the ex communist countries? The East Asian tigers? China? India?
Name May 18, 2006 10:37 PM PDT with regards to the water issue, here's prof. s. jayakumar's ministerial statement in parliament. "the vital issue is not how much we pay, but how any price revision is decided upon. malaysia wants Singapore to pay more for water. but the price cannot be revised at will or dictate of malaysia. the 1961 and 1962 water agreements were enshrined in the Separation Agreement which was registered at the United Nations. They are fundamental to our existence as an independent nation. Neither Singapore nor Malaysia can unilaterally change them...It is not a matter of money...in international law, both parties must ensure that the Water Agreements are observed and neither side can unilaterally vary their terms and conditions...The sanctity of fthe Seperation Agreement would have been breached [if malaysia unilaterally varies the price of water]. All other agreements we have made with Malaysia would have become meaningless. Nor will any new argument we conclude with Malaysia be worth anything."
Name May 18, 2006 08:48 AM PDT Join Workers' Party!
beekokung May 18, 2006 08:26 AM PDT As a longtime frequent user of the Causeway I disagree with your superficial comment on the new-bridge:
It was never in Singapore or Malaysias' national interests to construct the new-bridge because it was not needed. The Second Link is still underutilized and available to those who can afford the significantly higher tolls.
The existing Causeway can easily be upgraded with minimal disruption to increase its capacity and mitigate any environmental problems for a fraction of the cost of the new bridge. It is in the interest of Malaysians and Singaporeans to upgrade the Causeway and keep the toll charges affordable.
The contractors and operators of the new bridge and the Second Link are not interested in so upgrading the Causeway that the tolls can remain affordable to users.
Upgrading the existing Causeway should be a priority of both governments because its in the best interest of all Malaysians and Singaporeans who have or want to visit.
We have to commend our government for recognizing that the new-bridge was not in the national interests of the people of both countries and for their principled stand.
Fortunately, Prime Minister Badawi of Malaysia just came to the same rational conclusion that it is not in Malaysia's national interest to proceed with the new-bridge.
In showing that he is not beholden to the contractors and special interests behind the new-bridge he's making good on his election promise to Malaysians. Maybe he will even agree to upgrade the existing Causeway?
recruit ong May 18, 2006 01:56 AM PDT I am surprised some actually think that being featured by the 140th media constitutes fame and glory.
ah gayle i support you, but dun for a moment start to think that being featured in the ST is any kind of achievement.
singaporean May 18, 2006 12:45 AM PDT Have we become a nation of people so used to being cynical that our brains are no longer capable of working? A nation of people with brains pickled in cynicism? A nation of people for whom cynicism is a reflex action? A nation of people who have forgotten the meaning of serious, considered thinking, thinking founded on up to date information, in-depth research, and sound logic?
Bilahari Kausikan spoke the truth about Singapore's condition. He spoke without sentimental varnish. He did not fudge. If we as Singaporeans cannot accept the truth - or worse, if we do not even realise it - we deserve to die off. Is that what we want?
just another cynic May 18, 2006 12:38 AM PDT Has anyone noticed that Kausikan's reply looks like it's written in the EXACT same expository-rhetoric-soundbite style that govt speechwriters use when crafting speeches for VIPs/ministers?
i.e. 1) "I told you that half of my cohort did not finish primary school..."
2) "What are we going to do with these people as we move up the international value chain? ..."
3) "Many countries face a similar problem."
What's more telling is when these segments are neatly separated into their very own paragraphs :)
Certainly a marked contrast from typical e-mail style (if you look at Gayle's reply you'll know what I mean).
Oh well, maybe it's just cynical me, but I don't think that Kausikan penned all of it (if any at all!) himself...
M.S. May 17, 2006 09:33 PM PDT Gayle,
You should delete comments from all the idiots who write libelious comments as soon as you see them. They think just because they write under the cover of anonymity, they can write anything they want. I would not want to see you being dealt with like some of the A-star bloggers.
Just as you bask in the glory of being featured in ST, please bear in mind some points. Your good friend and anyone in his position, is a survivor and plays to the situation. Given the exposure, stage and circumstances, they are capable of Oscar worthy performances. How else do you expect them to reply, now that a 17 year old girl has the audacity to write and express all those things about him and his opinions? Remember that the comments made when anyone is relaxed, comfortable and not aware that someone is going is write about it in the www, are normally true feelings.
Even if he is as generous and as broad minded as he sounds in his letter, it doesn't mean his superiors will think the same. Also remember that his career may be on the line. If you need reminders, think Catherine Lim and the OB markers, set by one of the so called 'friendlier' seniors.
Policies do not change overnight. Not when you have founder members still holding sway over the ruling body. Think JG and comments coming from China.
This is a great time for you. Savour it as much as you can but keep a level head. Sometimes, attention is flattering but will also bring all sorts of inconveniences and you have to be more careful of what you say or write. One of my lecturers used to be wary of speaking to reporters. He says he is always misquoted. Welcome to the real world !
Dai Kor May 17, 2006 09:19 PM PDT Talking about taking feedback seriously. I am surprised that Bilahari bothered to email you to clarify some ideas!
TC May 17, 2006 08:23 PM PDT Gulp! Gayle?? You still there? Have they taken you away? Tell me I'm paranoid ....and they did not send you to tea parties.
mr.huang May 17, 2006 06:30 PM PDT hey, I think that your writing is quite proded but still elitist. While you consider the democratic aspect of things. I think you neglect the inherent whiteness in international law. I ask you ah, Are morals universal? Some of your arguments proded, but some are like diaper liddat. Yet the average reader would jump to agree with you. After all, you are like one of the few voices of political criticism. I TELL YOU YOUNG GIRL. GO HOME BEFORE PAP RAPE YOU
BW May 17, 2006 05:35 PM PDT Kausikan
Welfarism a la the West is not a viable option. We can't afford it. And even the Western countries are finding out that they can't afford it either.
On what grounds does Kausikan make the sweeping claim that “we can’t afford it”? There is no doubt we are an enormously rich country. We have accumulated large budget surpluses for many years and the state owns valuable assets. Just how rich is a government secret. But what we do know is this. Temasek claims to manage a portfolio of $100b (the total value of assets held by the state though is likely to be much larger than this), while official foreign reserves are about $200b. Assuming an annual return of 4% on $300b would yield an interest income of $12b a year.
How much did we spend on the progress package? A one-off $2.6bn. And they called it sharing the fruits of the nation’s progress. So is it a surprise that as a first world nation, we have third world income disparity?
Lets be clear about what the debate is about - it is not a question of viability, it’s about what kind of society we want to live in.
smartidiot
Someone has to pay for all the welfarism...
I reckon our nation's interest income would be sufficient without having to raise taxes. But if need be, who pays? Well, sure - the better off. Now why should that be a problem?
Shengwu May 17, 2006 04:59 PM PDT Hey Gayle,
Congrats in making it into the Straits Times! I hope they published your blog's address - it'll probably be the closest we'll get to having actual political criticism in the local press. =)
it's good to see that old debater pasttime of flaying visiting government stooges is still alive and well. keep writing - don't let the establishment patronise you - and i'll see you guys when you next train.
DiMargio May 17, 2006 04:37 PM PDT Bilahari is a rare breed. He eats, sleeps, and talks foreign policy. Singapore sleeps better because we have a realist like him standing post. Our MFA - sad to say - is saturated with idiots, dead wood types, and ego-maniacs; if not for Balas the whole outfit would be falling apart. As one of our top ambassadors Bilahari Kausikan "walk with kings" but still maintains "a common touch" as shown by his taking time to engage 18 year olds. I hope one day Gayle Goh here, when she becomes one of Singapore's policy makers, can inherit some of Bilahari's virtues.
David Lim May 17, 2006 04:11 PM PDT Our pragmatism in our foreign policy seems to be closely tied to our risk-adverse attitudes as a nation. We are afraid of "giving first" and then hoping that the goodwill generated will eventually produce kick-backs for Singapore.
Perhaps it's because we are small, rich and seemingly arrogant, that others around us expect Singapore offers help for free (read: fleece that rich spoilt-brat otherwise known as Singapore).
With such attitudes abound, should we then turn defensive and assume that everyone is out to fleece us and so we should be always counting down to the last dollars for all our relationships?
If I can coin this in financial terms, it's all about portfolio management and hedging your risks in some areas and cashing out in others areas. The question then becomes where we can "cash out" our goodwill to "fund our hedges" elsewhere.
smartidiot May 17, 2006 04:09 PM PDT Congrats on making it to straits times. You provide a though provoking read as always. Just a small note to LaoCan, it's true that Finland and Denmark don't suffer that much from welfarism, but please note the level of taxes in those countries compared to Singapore. Individual Income Tax in Finland ranges from 9-32.5% with VAT at 22%, in Denmark, income tax is 38-59% with VAT at 25%. Compare this to Singapore levels of 3.75-21% for income tax and 5% GST. Someone has to pay for all the welfarism...
Name May 17, 2006 04:09 PM PDT You are really 17 year old? Haha, same age as you and same style as you. I wrote several political issues in my blog last time when I was still 15. After a advice from friends that writing such issues could get me into trouble with the government, I stopped it.
However, one word of caution: Try to tone down when writing highly sensitive issues such as politics.
Thank you.
Wormie May 17, 2006 03:02 PM PDT This is the seige-mentality that Singapore has. Small land area with no natural resources in the midst of perceived unfriendly nations. Instinct for survival outshadows all other aspect. And sadly this has rub on to the people, the kiasu syndrome.
Idealism is important without which there will be no drive to get a country going.
NSJihad May 17, 2006 02:26 PM PDT Guess his comment about 4million tells alot about our NS contributions. For PRs to be branded as singaporeans for a nation with conscription, this nation is sinking.
juz_A_gal May 17, 2006 01:53 PM PDT reading your blog makes me think and reflect. thanks for the wake up call for my brain. :O)
TC May 17, 2006 01:24 PM PDT Dear Gayle - Cool - you made it into ST. Do keep a level head and remember - pass your exams well, get a scholarship, become an admin officer and make changes from within....or not. It is easy to get carried away with the fame but remember - do your mom and dad proud - get your time / priorities right! God bless.
Anonymous Coward May 17, 2006 11:10 AM PDT I am not a Singaporean, but I live here, and I find Singapore government's attitude towards its citizens deplorable. The basic duty of the government should to make sure that their citizens are looked after, not it's corporations. In Singapore, the primary function of the law is to serve MNCs, which in turn pay tax to the government. Guess where all this money is ending up ? Straight into the coffers of a certain first family. The family controls all the investment (money), the telcos (for convinient spying) and government (to enact the laws that enable this Orwellian soceity). I am sick of this place, and want to leave ASAP.
LaoCan May 17, 2006 07:10 AM PDT Some unexpected candour from Mr Kausikan, but, unfortunately, all his comments are same ol' same ol'. As far as FP goes, it is difficult to argue that less realism and more idealism are needed. Realism is always preferable, but Singapore has been in the realist overdrive for quite some time now. It's quite unsettling to observe how this country is so adept at winning support from the big boys overseas but can't establish stable relations with the neighbours next door.
Turning to the problems Singapore economy and society face, the favourite Singaporean anti-welfarism mantra sounds more and more unconvincing. Yes, some big economies like France and Germany are suffering due to the overemphasis on social security. However, nothing of the sort happens in Finland or Denmark that should serve as true benchmark cases for a small export-oriented economy like Singapore's. The truth is that Singaporeans, as someone noticed at one of the online forums, get the worst of both worlds. They are constantly denied economic opportunities because the economy is dominated by GLCs and MNCs, but at the same time they don't have a necessary safety net to fall back on in case of retrenchment or retirement. The economy is so dirigist that even the French would blush but the income disparity is worse than in the US. Whose fault is that? Why do the GLCs suck in so much of the people's hard earned money only to squander it overseas in the investment forays worthy of the oil sheikhs of the yesteryear? Isn't it the time to admit that the whole economic strategy went horribly wrong and start the necessary reforms? It is a myth that Singapore lept from the Third World to First. In reality, the country is stuck halfway between these worlds and is unable to move further in a sustainable manner. Hong Kong has overtaken Singapore (although I'm not a huge fan of its olygarchic capitalism), and Taiwan and South Korea are doing it right now. If nothing is done, Singapore might as well go the way of post-WWII Argentina.
adrian May 17, 2006 05:46 AM PDT Do post what ST has to say. A lot of us overseas types don't subscribe to it online.
Worktilldie May 17, 2006 05:19 AM PDT Gayle Goh,
Well done, hope that for young singaporean have a active brain then a programmed brain.
Now more working adults are drawing lower pay and have to work longer hours, we living like not having a family here in our country. The worst thing is the retrenchment we going to face when we reach 40+ what is the point of studying for 22years serving 2 1/2 years of NS and our working life is only 16+ years after that we have look for jobs that don't require much education. THIS IS NOT OUR COUNTRY OUR HOME ANYMORE. This is country is for the rich to have fun and for FTs to make money. A BIG GEYLANG..
sufferwell May 17, 2006 01:25 AM PDT Pragmatism is a wonderful thing. But you know something is wrong when your old folks are being planned to be retired on cheaper estates, when the old are working their aching backs in foodcourts. Surely, we can afford a bit of welfarism without endangering the whole welfare and medical system od Singapore and plunging the country into a cauldron of child-rapists. We are suffering from an overdose of pragmatism, which has served us well till now but we do not know when to stop. Too much is not enough; I feel numb. (U2: Numb).
M.S. May 17, 2006 12:34 AM PDT Call me cynical. But somehow, it sounds too good to be true, the letter that is and the words of encouragement to engage you in the discussion of government policy if you disagree.
This " what's in it for me" policy is rearing its ugly head in the social behaviour of many as seen in the buffet syndrome and many other "kiasu" behaviour.
I think there is an over emphasis on dollar value and material possession or hardware if you like. There is no encouragement to develop "heartware" . We strife for a Swiss standard of living. But nowhere is there mention of Swiss social values.
I still remember one of Habibi's minister, a Ms Dewi (forgot full name) calling S'pore a "fair weather friend". Perhaps this is the result of the "what's in it for me" policy. So thats Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia we have offended. Who can we actually call our freind ?
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disclaimer the author of this site has based all her personal opinions on what is known to her as fact. any error is made of ignorance, not malice, and is accordingly apologized for. any views and opinions expressed by other persons on this site are not the responsibility of the author, nor does she claim to espouse them.